Selasa, 19 Oktober 2010

cak sarip tambak oso

Sarip…..


Dusun Tambak Oso dibagi menjadi 2 wilayah yang dibatasi oleh sebuah sungai, wilayah tersebut biasa disebut Wetan kali dan Kulon Kali. Masing-masing wilayah mempunyai Jagoan (orang yang disegani karena kesaktiannya). Wilayah Kulon kali di kuasai oleh seorang jagoan bernama Paidi, dan Wetan kali dikuasai oleh Sarip.

Paidi adalah seorang pendekar yang berprofesi sebagai Kusir Dokar yang mempunyai senjata andalan berupa Jagang yang terkenal dengan sebutan Jagang Baceman. Sarip adalah pemuda jagoan dari desa Tambak Oso yang berhati keras, mudah marah, namun sangat menyayangi kaum miskin, terutama kepada ibunya yang seorang janda. Di tengah kemiskinan dan kebodohan, Sarip bertindak sebagai maling budiman yang mencuri di rumah-rumah orang Belanda, saudagar kikir, dan para lintah darat, untuk dibagi-bagikan kepada warga miskin.

Sarip selalu menjadi Target Operasi Government Belanda, karena perbuatannya yang dianggap membuat keonaran dan memprovokasi masyarakat untuk menentang kebijakan Belanda. Suatu hari, sarip mendapati Ibunya sedang dihajar oleh Lurah Gedangan karena ibunya tidak dapat membayar pajak tanah garapan berupa tambak. Melihat hal tersebut Sarip marah dan langsung menghabisi nyawa Lurah Gedangan dengan sebilah pisau dapur yang menjadi senjata andalannya.

Dilain hari diceritakan Saropah (adik misan Sarip) hendak pulang dari Nagih pada orang2 yang terpaut utang dengan orang tuanya, ditengah jalan bertemu dengan Sarip dan pada saat itu Sarip bermaksud meminjam uang pada Saropah, karena belum mendapat izin dari orang tuanya, Saropah tidak mengabulkan permintaan Sarip. Sarip yang punya perangai kasar tidak sabar dan memaksa Saropah untuk menyerahkan Arloji yang sedang dipakainya, dan disaat terjadi perseteruan tersebut munculah Paidi yang hendak menjemput Saropah. Oleh Orang tua Saropah Paidi memang telah dipercaya untuk menjaga Saropah agar aman dari ancaman orang2 yang tidak senang. Setelah terjadi perang mulut antara Sarip dan Paidi, terjadilah duel antara dua pendekar tersebut. Sebilah pisau dapur ternyata tidak lebih mumpuni dibanding Jagang Baceman yang notabene lebih panjang, akhirnya Sarip tewas dalam perkelahian tersebut dan mayatnya dibuang di sungai Sedati.

Dibagian hilir sungai Sedati, Ibunda Sarip "Mbok e Sarip" tengah mencuci pakaian, entah kenapa pikirannya gundah gulana memikirkan anak keduanya itu. Dia berhenti mencuci karena ada warna merah darah yang mengalir disungai itu, dia berjalan mencari sumber darah tersebut, alangkah terkejutnya dia ketika didapatinya sumber warna merah tersebut adalah mayat anaknya. Spontanitas dia menjerit seraya berteriak " Sariiip durung wayahe Nak.....". Anehnya Sarip bangkit dari kematiannya dan segera berlari menemui ibunya, kemudian menanyakan kepada ibunya tentang hal apa yang terjadi pada dirinya dan kenapa dia tidur disungai. Kemudian ibunya bercerita, ketika Sarip masih dalam kandungan, Ayahnya bertapa di Goa Tapa (daerah Sumber Manjing)selama beberapa waktu, dan ayahnya kembali pada saat anak keduanya telah lahir dengan membawa sebongkah kecil tanah merah "Lemah Abang". Selanjutnya tanah tersebut dibelah dan diberikan pada Sarip dan Ibunya untuk dimakan. Dikatakan oleh ayah Sarip, bahwa Sarip akan dapat bangkit dari kematian apa bila ibunya masih hidup, meskipun ia terbunuh 1000x dalam sehari

Sarip adalah seorang pemuda yang tidak suka dengan penjajah Belanda. Ketidaksukaannya terhadap Belanda dan Antek-anteknya tersebut dilakukan menurut caranya sendiri yaitu mencuri harta benda orang yang bekerjasama dengan Belanda dan kemudian hasilnya dibagikan kepada orang-orang yang membutuhkan de desanya dan desa-desa lain. Perbuatan Sarip ini sangat meresahkan para pejabata Belanda serta pendukung yang merupakan beberapa petinggi desa.

Hanya Lurah Tambak Oso yang tidak pernah mempermasalahkan Sarip, karena Sarip menjadi solusi rakyat mengatasi kemiskinan.. Sarip sebenarnya mempunyai tambak, namun karena tidak punya modal tambaknya dibiarkan begitu saja, Ridwan pamannya memanfaatkan tambak tersebut tetapi tidak mau membayar pajak. Hampir tiga tahun hasil diambil tapi pajak dibebankan ke Sarip, bahkan meminjam uang untuk membayar pajakpun tidak diberi Suatu ketika Asisten Wedana memerintahkan Luah Gedangan menagih pajak tambak milik Sarip.

Awalnya Lurah Gedangan menolak tugas dengan alasan Tambak Oso bukan daearah kekuasannya, namun perintah tetpa perintah. Hasilnya, karena Lurah Gedangan termasuk gila hormat tugas dilaksanakan meskipun harus tewas ditangan Sarip. Pembunuhan terhadap Lurah Gedangan menjadikan Sarip sebagai buronan, Mualim Kakaknya tidak mengijinkan Sarip tinggal dirumahnya takut didakwa melindungi buronan. Simpati penduduk kepada Sarip membuat Paidi, pembantu pamannya, merasa iri dan selalu menyebarkan berita sisi buruk Sarip dan merasa dirinya paling pendekar di kampong…. Tak ayal lagi Paidi akhirnya mati juga ditangan Sarip dan keinginannya meraih predikat pendekar wetan dan kulon kali pupus… Merasa wilayahnya tercemar oleh perbuatan Sarip yang melakukan pembunuhan dua kali, Manteri Polisi memerintahkan agar Sarip ditangkap atau mati dengan menjadikan mboknya sebagai umpan… setelah Mualim membeberkan rahasia adiknya….

Selasa, 12 Oktober 2010

Reported speech - English Grammar

Statements

1) If the sentence starts in the present, there is no backshift of tenses in Reported speech.
Example: Susan: "I work in an office." Susan says that she works in an office.


2) If the sentence starts in the past, there is often backshift of tenses in Reported speech. (see: Note)
Example: Susan: "I work in an office." Susan said that she worked in an office.

Backshift of tenses

from

to

Simple Present

Simple Past

Simple Past

Past Perfect

Present Perfect

Past Perfect

will

would

Progressive forms

am/are/is

was/were

was/were

had been

has been

had been




Backshift of tenses

from

to

Peter: "I work in the garden."

Peter said that he worked in the garden.

Peter: "I worked in the garden."

Peter said that he had worked in the garden.

Peter: "I have worked in the garden."

Peter: "I had worked in the garden."

Peter: "I will work in the garden."

Peter said that he would work in the garden.

Peter: "I can work in the garden."

Peter said that he could work in the garden.

Peter: "I may work in the garden."

Peter said that he might work in the garden.

Peter: "I would work in the garden."
(could, might, should, ought to)

Peter said that he would work in the garden.
(could, might, should, ought to)

Progressive forms

Peter: "I'm working in the garden."

Peter said that he was working in the garden.

Peter: "I was working in the garden."

Peter said that he had been working in the garden.

Peter: "I have been working in the garden."

Peter: "I had been working in the garden."

If the sentence contains an expression of time, you must change it as well.

Peter: "I worked in the garden yesterday."
Peter said that he had worked in the garden the day before.

Shifting of expressions of time

this (evening)

that (evening)

today/this day

that day

these (days)

those (days)

now

then

(a week) ago

(a week) before

last weekend

the weekend before / the previous weekend

here

there

next (week)

the following (week)

tomorrow

the next/following day

Note:

In some cases the backshift of tenses is not necessary, e.g. when statements are still true.

John: "My brother is at Leipzig university."
John said that his brother was at Leipzig university. or
John said that his brother is at Leipzig university.

or

Mandy: "The sun rises in the East."
Mandy said that the sun rose in the East. or
Mandy said that the sun rises in the East.

Reported questions

If you put a question into Reported speech there are some steps which are the same like in reported statements (changing of the person, backshift of tenses, changing of expressions of time).

In Reported speech there is no question anymore, the sentence becomes a statement.
That's why the word order is: subject - verb

Question without question words (yes/no questions):
Peter: "Do you play football?" - Peter asked me whether (if) I played football.

Question with question words:
Peter: "When do you play football?" - Peter asked me when I played football.

Reported commands

If you put a command into Reported speech there are some steps which are the same like in reported statement (changing of the person, backshift of tenses, changing of expressions of time).

The form is mostly: form of to tell + to + infinitive.

Affirmative commands

Negative commands

Father: "Do your homework."

Teacher. "Don't talk to your neighbour."

Father told me to do my homework.

The teacher told me not to talk to my neighbour.

Minggu, 10 Oktober 2010

Passive voice

Use of Passive

· Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however, who or what is performing the action.

Example: My bike was stolen.

In the example above, the focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen. I do not know, however, who did it.

· Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite than active voice, as the following example shows:

Example: A mistake was made.

In this case, I focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I do not blame anyone (e.g. You have made a mistake.).

Subject + finite form of to be + Past Participle (V3)

Form of Passive

Example: A letter was written.

When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:

  • the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence
  • the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)
  • the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)

Examples of Passive

Tense

Subject

Verb

Object

Simple Present

Active:

Rita

writes

a letter.

Passive:

A letter

is written

by Rita.

Simple Past

Active:

Rita

Wrote

a letter.

Passive:

A letter

was written

by Rita.

Present Perfect

Active:

Rita

has written

a letter.

Passive:

A letter

has been written

by Rita.

Future I

Active:

Rita

will write

a letter.

Passive:

A letter

will be written

by Rita.

Modals

Active:

Rita

can write

a letter.

Passive:

A letter

can be written

by Rita.

Examples of Passive

Tense

Subject

Verb

Object

Present Progressive

Active:

Rita

is writing

a letter.

Passive:

A letter

is being written

by Rita.

Past Progressive

Active:

Rita

was writing

a letter.

Passive:

A letter

was being written

by Rita.

Past Perfect

Active:

Rita

had written

a letter.

Passive:

A letter

had been written

by Rita.

Future II

Active:

Rita

will have written

a letter.

Passive:

A letter

will have been written

by Rita.

Conditional I

Active:

Rita

would write

a letter.

Passive:

A letter

would be written

by Rita.

Conditional II

Active:

Rita

would have written

a letter.

Passive:

A letter

would have been written

by Rita.

Passive Sentences with Two Objects

Rewriting an active sentence with two objects in passive voice means that one of the two objects becomes the subject, the other one remains an object. Which object to transform into a subject depends on what you want to put the focus on.

Subject

Verb

Object 1

Object 2

Active:

Rita

wrote

a letter

to me.

Passive:

A letter

was written

to me

by Rita.

Passive:

I

was written

a letter

by Rita.

.

As you can see in the examples, adding by Rita does not sound very elegant. That’s why it is usually dropped.

Personal and Impersonal Passive

Personal Passive simply means that the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence. So every verb that needs an object (transitive verb) can form a personal passive.

Example: They build houses. – Houses are built.

Verbs without an object (intransitive verb) normally cannot form a personal passive sentence (as there is no object that can become the subject of the passive sentence). If you want to use an intransitive verb in passive voice, you need an impersonal construction – therefore this passive is called Impersonal Passive.

Example: he says – it is said

Impersonal Passive is not as common in English as in some other languages (e.g. German, Latin). In English, Impersonal Passive is only possible with verbs of perception (e. g. say, think, know).

Example: They say that women live longer than men. – It is said that women live longer than men.

Although Impersonal Passive is possible here, Personal Passive is more common.

Example: They say that women live longer than men. – Women are said to live longer than men.

The subject of the subordinate clause (women) goes to the beginning of the sentence; the verb of perception is put into passive voice. The rest of the sentence is added using an infinitive construction with 'to' (certain auxiliary verbs and that are dropped).

Sometimes the term Personal Passive is used in English lessons if the indirect object of an active sentence is to become the subject of the passive sentence.