texts

1.REPORTS by: awi alwina

Tujuan:

menyajikan detail fakta tentang subyek yang spesifik. Reports haruslah berdasar pada fakta-fakta Report dapat didasarkan pada penelitian terhadap sebuah topic. Tujuannya memberikan informasi

Susunan :

1. General clasisfiation: pernyataan pembuka untuk mengenalkan topic.

2. Description :

Ciri Bahasa :

Gunakan pola simple present tense

Penggunaan kata benda (noun) sifatnya umum

Penggunaan relating verbs, e,g reptiles are scaly animals (every reptile is scaly)

Penggunaan action verbs, e.g lizards cannot fly

Penggunaan istilah-istilah khusus, e.g water contains of oxygens and hydrogen

Penggunaan noun phrases and clauses untuk memberikan deskripsi yang detail dari topic tersebut

Example:

Identification : Tsunami is a Japanese word from a seismic sea wave generated by an undersea earthquake or possibly an undersea landslide or volcanic eruption

Description : Most tsunamis originate along the Ring of Fire. It is a zone of volcanoes and sesmic activity, 32.500 (24.000 mi) long. The zone encircles the Pacific Ocean Historically, tsunamis caused much property destruction and loss of life. Since 1819, about 40 tsunamis have struck the Hawaiian island and since 1883, about 20 tsunamis have struck Indonesia. The last one was on December 26,2004 and cause over 100.000 dead tolls. A Tsunami can have the width of 100 to 200 km and may travel hundreds of kilometers a cross the deep ocean. The speed is at about 50 to 1000 km per hour (it is as fast as jet plane). When the wave reach the land, it can be very high, which is about 15 m high or more.

2. Narrative by: awi alwina

Tujuan:

untuk memberikan hiburan atau kesenangan pada para pembacanya.

Susunan :

Orientation : memperkenalkan pembaca pada karakter, setting serta conflict

Evaluation : menampilkan konflik

Complication : memberikan pembaca tentang krisis (puncak) dari konflik

Resolution : menceritakan bagaimana masalah dipecahkan & bagaimana efeknya terhadap para tokoh.

Ciri Bahasa :

Terfokus pada tokoh tertentu

Penggunaan past tense

Penggunaan action verbs

Pengguaan kata hubung

Example:

The Day a Tiger Attack My Friend

Orientation :

Last year I went to visit my friend, Rozi in North Sumatra. We decided to go into the jungle for a little adventure.

Evaluation :

We left Rozi’s house ar six in the morning with two friends of him, Ahmad and Saiful. It was hot, but Rozi told me to wear shoes and trousers to protect me from snakes. In the jungle there was a lot wildlife, but we were trying to find big cats, especially tigers. However, it is unusual to find tiger in the afternoon because they sleep in the heat of the day.

Complication :

Then, in the distance we saw a tiger, and Rozi told me to be a very quite. We crept nearer and found a dead deer, still bleeding. This was the tiger’s lunch. Suddenly, I started to feel very frightened.

Complication & Resolution :

We heard the tiger a second before we saw it. It jumped out like a flash of lightning, one hundred kilos plus in weigh and two meters long. I looked into its eyes and face, and saw right down the animal’s throat. It grabbed Rozi’s leg between its teeth, but I managed to pull Rozi away. Ahmad shouted at the tiger and made it go back into the grass by throwing the branch he was holding, so we quickly escaped to let the tiger eat its lunch. That night it was impossible to sleep

by: awi alwina

3. Procedure by: awi alwina

Tujuan :

menjelaskan bagaimana suatu hal diselesaikan melalui beberapa langkah

Susunan :

Tujuan (Goal)

Bahan dan alat (Material / ingredients)

Langkah – langkah pelaksanaan (steps)

Ciri Bahasa :

Simple Present Tense

Kalimat perintah : cut, mix, etc Action verbs : put, mix, pour, etc

Penghubung : then, while, after that, etc

Keterangan : for five minutes, 2 cm from the top, etc

Example:

Home Made Fried Chicken

Goal Ingredients : Fresh and cleaned chicken, cut into some pieces

Spices : Turmeric, pepper, garlic Salt Vegeteble oil

Steps : First, grind the species until they mixed and soft Next, put the chicken in the bowl and pour fresh water into it And then put the grinded spices into it, stir well Then, after they stir well, boil the chicken until the flesh cooked and the color becomes brownish. Finally, served your chicken with warm rice and chili. You can also garnish it with vegetables.

4.Descriptive by: awi alwina

Tujuan:

adalah tulisan yang menggambarkan orang, tempat atau benda

Susunan:

Identification : mengidentifikasi objek yang akan di gambarkan

Description : menggambarkan bagian, jumlah, kualitas, sifat dan ciri - ciri

Ciri Bahasa:

Fokus pada bagian – bagian detail

Gunakan proses pengidentifikasian dan penggambaran

Gunakan pola simple present Tense

Example:

Sangihe and Talaud

Identification & Description

The island on the very northern coast of Manado are Sangihe and Talaud. They seems to form a kind of bridge with the most southern islands of the Philippines. An Archipelago of 77 islands, Sangihe and Talaud, is not easy to reach, but a speedboat makes the journey from Manado in around six hours. Stay overnight and go back the next day. The administrative capital is Thuna located on the islands of Sangihe Besar. There are several hotels offering accommodations to travelers. There is also an old house of Dutch design with unknown age. Descriptions : To the south of Sangihe Besar, there is island of Siau which has a glorious 1800 meter volcanic peak known as Gunung Api Siau. This volcano offers the visitor good views but there aren’t any land transports to get to the peak. Visitors who are eager to reach its summit must have extra energy because is very challenging. The regions other main attractions are its completely virgin beaches. Unfortunately there are no scheduled boats to those northern island. The only option is chartering a boat. Of course its cost is rather expensive.

5. RECOUNT by: awi alwina

Tujuan:

untuk memberikan informasi atau hiburan kepada pembaca

Susunan :

Orientation (pemahaman tentang siapa, dimana, kapan & mengapa)

Event ( menceritakan yang terjadi secara kronologis)

Re – Orientation ( ringkasan dan penutup kejadian )

Ciri Bahasa :

Menggunakan past tense

Fokus pada personal : I, you, we, They, he, she

Penghubung waktu, untuk tetap menjaga alur : the, after, next, meanwhile,

Example:

The competition

Orientation : Our school sent its table tennis team to the city to take part in the city champion ship recently. The players consist of men’s and women’s singles and doubles.

Event 1 : We went to the city by car. When we arrived there, other teams. Were waiting for the competition began

Event 2 : The first I played a single match. I knew I was an underdog so I played more relaxed. I could play ail my ability. That was the key to the victory.

Event 3 : Then, my friends, the double players Mova & Dina, defeated their rival 20’-6, 20-10. It completed our victory.

Reorientation : After the ceremony, our car arrived to take us home. We went home so happy that we didn’t feel tired.

6. EXPLANATION by: awi alwina

Tujuan :

menjelaskan suatu proses, menyangkut pembentukan dan berjalannya fenomena alam atau sosiokultural.

Susunan :

1. General Statement (pernyataan umum/ pernyataan masalah)

2. A sequenced explanation of why or how something occurs (urutan penjelasan mengenai mengapa atau bagaimana sesuatu terjadi)

3. Closing (Penutup)

Ciri Bahasa :

1. Gunakan bentuk simple present tense

2. Keterangan – keterangan penjelas

Example:

Making Paper From Woodchip :

General Statement:

Wood chipping is a process used to obtain pulp and paper products from forest trees. The wood chipping process begins when the trees are cut down in selected area of the forest called a coupe.

A sequenced explanation of why or how something occurs :

Next the tops and branches of the trees are cut out and then the logs are taken to the mill. At the mill the barks of the logs is removed and the logs are taken to a chipper which cuts them into small pieces called woodchips

Closing :

Finally the pulp is rolled out to make paper

7. News Item by: awi alwina

Tujuan:

Memberitakan kepada pembaca, pendengar atau penonton tentang peristiwa-peristiwa atau kejadian-kejadian yang dipandang penting atau layak diberitakan.

Susunan teks :

1.News worthy event(s) : Kejadian inti

2. Background events: Elaborasi kejadian, orang yang terlibat, tempat kejadian dst

3. Sources: Komentar saksi kejadian, pendapat para ahli, dsb

Ciri bahasa:

Penggunaan Material process untuk menceritakan kejadian

Penggunaan Verbal process seperti: said, told,dst

Berfokus pada keadaan

Example:

Town “Contaminated”

News worthy

Moscow – A Russian journalist has uncovered evidence of another Soviet nuclear catastrophe, which killed 10 sailors and contaminated an entire town.

Background events

Yelena Vazrshavskya is the first journalist to speak to people who witnessed the explosion of a nuclear submarine at the naval base of shkotovo – 22 near Vladivostock. The accident, which occurred 13 month before the Chernobyl disaster, spread radioactive fall-out over the base and nearby town, but was covered up by officials of the then Soviet Union. Residents were told the explosion in the reactor of the Victor-class submarine during a refit had been a ‘thermal’ and not a nuclear explosion. And those involved in the clean up operation to remove more than 600 tonnes of contaminated material were sworn to secrecy.

Sources

A board of investigators was later to describe it is the worst accident in the history of the Soviet Navy

8.Discussion by: awi alwina

Tujuan:

Menggali berbagai perspektif yang berbeda-beda sebelum sampai kepada keputusan atau kesimpulan yang hendak disampaikan - Menyajikan lebih dari satu informasi dan opini mengenai sebuah isu

Susunan Teks :

Issue : Pernyataan pembuka yang menyajikan satu isu

Arguments for and against:Elaborasi argumen atau bukti setiap sudut yang berbeda (pro dan kontra)

Conlusion of recomdation (kesimpulan atau rekomendasi)

Ciri bahasa:

Penggunaaan

material process, e.g. has developed, have produced, to feed

Relational processes, e.g. cause, is, could have, are

Mental process, e.g. feel

Comparative: contrastive and consequential conjunction

Example:

The controversy of Harnessing Solar Energy

Issue:

We often hear about solar cars, solar heating and solar batteries. But will solar energy ever be a major source of energy society?

Argument ‘for’ point

Solar energy is cheaper than other fossil because we can get an abundant source from the sun Elaboration In sunny desert areas, 50% of the sun’s radiation that reach the ground could be used to produce electricity for business and industry, to provide heat, light and hot water for homes. Experimental solar ponds can also produce hot water to drive generators.

Argument ‘against’ point

Unfortunately , we cant yet power our homes entirely on sunlight Elaboration Solar energy can only be used effectively in bright light. It has the greatest potential. Therefore is in hot countries that have clear skies for most of the year. But, unfortunately most homes are not always in the sunniest part of the world. Moreover, in order to harness solar power solar cells are needed to convert sunlight directly into electricity. Solar cells are very cheap to run, but relatively expensive to buy and many people cant afford them

Conclusion

Needless to say, solar energy is useful and non-pollution source of energy. Unfortunately, solar cells, the main device to harness the sun’s energy are still very expensive.

9. Review by: awi alwina

Social function review: To critique an art work or event for a public audience

Generic structure review:

1. Orientation ( background information on the text)
2. Evaluation ( concluding statement : judgment, opinion, or recommendation. It can consist of more than one.
3. Interpretative Recount ( summary of an art works including characters and plot).
4. Evaluative summation: the last opinion consisting the appraisal or the punch line of the art works being criticized.

Language features review:

• Focus on specific participants
• Use of adjectives
• Use of long and complex clauses
• Use of metaphor
• Reviews are used to summarize, analyze and respond to art works. They may include: movie, TV shows, books, plays, concerts, etc.

10. ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION

Social function analytical exposition: To persuade the readers or the listeners that something in the case, to analyze or to explain.

Generic Structure analytical exposition:

1. Thesis (usually includes a preview argument. It introduces topics and indicates the writer’s position)
2. Arguments (consists of a point and elaboration sequence. The number of points may vary, but each must be supported by discussion and evidence)
3. Reiteration (restates the position more forcefully in the light of the arguments presented)

Language features analytical exposition:

• Emotive words such as : alarmed, worried.
• Words that qualify statements such as: usual probably
• Words that link arguments such as: firstly, however, on the other hand, therefore.
• Usually present tense
• Compound and complex sentence.

11. HORTATORY EXPOSITION

Social function hortatory exposition:

To persuade the readers or the listeners that something should or should not be the case.

Generic structure hortatory exposition:

1. Thesis ( stating an issue of concern)
2. Arguments ( giving reasons for concern, leading recommendation)
3. Recommendation (stating what ought or ought not to happen)

Language features hortatory exposition:

• Emotive words: alarmed, worried
• Words that qualify statements: usual probably
• Words that link arguments: firstly, however, on the other hand, therefore
• Usually present tense
• Compound and complex sentences
• Modal auxiliary: can, may, should, must

12. SPOOF

Social function spoof: To tell an event with a humorous twist.

Generic structure spoof text:

1. Orientation (who were involved, when and where was happened)
2. Events ( tell what happened in a chronological order)
3. Twist (provide the funniest part of the story)

Language features spoof:

• Use of connectives (first, then, finally)
• Use of adverbial phrases of time and place (in the garden, two days ago)
• Use of simple past tense (he walked away from the village)

Social function hortatory exposition: To persuade the readers or the listeners that something should or should not be the case.

Generic structure hortatory exposition:

1. Thesis ( stating an issue of concern)
2. Arguments ( giving reasons for concern, leading recommendation)
3. Recommendation (stating what ought or ought not to happen)

Language features hortatory exposition:

• Emotive words: alarmed, worried
• Words that qualify statements: usual probably
• Words that link arguments: firstly, however, on the other hand, therefore
• Usually present tense
• Compound and complex sentences
• Modal auxiliary: can, may, should, must